For a DC microgrid, simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed methods: (1) exact control of load voltage at both the power source side and load sides and (2) regulation of absorbed currents to modify load voltages and reduce line voltage drops and line losses during heavy loads. Then, the desired duty ratio can be determined to perform the DR program, while the boost converter acts to step-up or step-down the load voltages using the PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller. In this study, a screening model is employed to estimate the virtual internal impedances of power electronic loads. Thus, their adjustable internal load impedances can change the absorbed currents by regulating the duty ratio. The increased load resistance will cause voltage drop when load current is increased during heavy loads. Applying a fast load step to voltage regulator can maintain a well regulated voltages and load currents. They have faster response to maintain stable output voltage under the fluctuating load condition and heavy load condition. The characteristics of electronic loads can be controlled with a switch-mode DC boost or buck converter.
Voltage dependent demand response (DR) is a direct load control for changing loads in a DC mircogrid. To reduce peak loads, direct and indirect load control are common strategies used to change demand during peak hours.
In the aggregator business market, experimental results will show that the proposed methods can suppress the use of traditional power sources, effectively activate the proportion of schedulable DG, increase system flexibility, and increase billing charges. Then, according to the user group’s DR, the dynamic game model (DGM) is used to effectively allocate AS power under the consideration of the DG resource risk situation.
Hence, this study proposes the contract theory (CT) to estimate the interruptible power of the user group (DR aggregator) for DR during peak periods. If the DGs can be integrated into generation aggregators in cooperation with demand response (DR) and efficient load direct/indirect) controls, it can meet the users’ demands in auxiliary service (AS) market, as well as achieve a win-win mode for the electricity industry and electricity users. In addition, incentive or contractual strategies, such as time-of-use and real-time pricing, can also encourage electricity users to change their electricity consumption behaviors. In recent years, the distributed generation (DG) and energy storage system capacity in microgrid have gradually increased, effectively reducing and suppressing the demand from traditional power sources.
Trackingtime user capacity generator#
From the perspective of the electricity industry, only stable power supply, generator equipment set expansion, new power plant construction, and the strengthening of the transmission grid can meet the requirements of electricity users. The traditional power market only considers the cost for electricity users, the willingness-to-pay, and the priority of electricity consumption.
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